ANUARUL INSTITUTULUI DE ISTORIE
„George Bariţiu” din Cluj-Napoca
XLIX
Series Historica - 2010

ISSN 1584-4390
Revista se poate procura prin / The yearbook can be obtained by request to:
EDITURA ACADEMIEI ROMÂNE, Calea 13 Septembrie, nr. 13, Sector 5, 050711, Bucureşti, România; Tel. 4021-318 8146, 4021-318 8106, Fax: 4021-318 2444; e-mail: edacad@ear.ro;
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ORION PRESS IMPEX 2000 S.R.L., Şos. Viilor nr. 101, sector 5, Bl. 1, sc. 4, ap. 98, parter, P.O. Box 77-19, sector 3, Bucureşti, România, Tel. 4021-335 0296, 4021/301 8786, Fax 4021-335 0296; e-mail: office@orionpress.ro 

REDACŢIA: Institutul de Istorie „George Bariţiu”, str. Napoca, nr. 11, Cluj-Napoca, 400088 România, Tel. 40264-59 83 43.

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Calea 13 Septembrie nr. 13, sector 5, Bucureşti
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COntents	Pagina	CUprins	Page	INHALT
Nicolae EDROIU, Locul Institutului de Istorie din Cluj în istoriografia română	13	Nicolae EDROIU, The place of the Institute of History from Cluj in Romanian Historiography	13	Nicolae EDROIU, Das Institut für Geschichte aus Klausenburg und seine Bedeutung für die rumänische Geschichtsschreibung
PROIECŢII INSTITUŢIONALE		INSTITUTIONAL APPROACHES		INSTITUTIONELLE ANSÄTZE
Şerban TURCUŞ, Fondarea prepoziturii saşilor ca proiect transilvan al Sfântului Scaun	21	Şerban TURCUŞ, The foundation of the mitre of Germans as Transylvanian project of the Holly See	21	Şerban TURCUŞ, Die Gründung der Sachsen Präpositur als siebenbürgisches Projekt des Heiligen Stuhls
Marius CHELCU, Orăşenii din Iaşi în secolul XVII - solidarităţi şi diferenţe	39	Marius CHELCU, The citymen from Yassi in the XVIIth century - solidarities and Differences	39	Marius CHELCU, Die Städter aus Jassy im siebzehnten Jahrhundert – Solidarität und Differenzen
Loránd L. MÁDLY, Proiectele statutelor pentru reprezentanţele de ţară - o cotitură în conceptul politic neoabsolutist privind ţările Coroanei	49	Loránd L. MÁDLY, The statute projects for country representatives - a turning point in the political concept of neoabsolutism related to the countries of the Crown	49	Loránd L. MÁDLY, Die Entwürfe der Satzungen für die Landesvertretungen – ein Wendepunkt im politischen neoabsolutistischen Konzept der Kronländer
Andrei Florin SORA, Le statut des fonctionnaires publics de 1923	67	Andrei Florin SORA, Le statut des fonctionnaires publics de 1923	67	Andrei Florin SORA, Der Status der Beamten im Jahre 1923
ISTORIE ŞI POLITICĂ		HISTORY AND POLITICS		GESCHICHTE UND POLITIK
Radu Florian BRUJA, Din istoria Partidului Naţional Creştin în Bucovina (1935-1937)	83	Radu Florian BRUJA, Files from the history of Christian National Party from Bucovina (1935-1937)	83	Radu Florian BRUJA, Aus der Geschichte der National-Christlichen Partei in Bukowina (1935-1937)
Liviu CĂRARE, Consideraţii privind procesul de ghetoizare a evreilor din Cernăuţi	99	Liviu CĂRARE, Considerations on the Czernowitz Jews process of ghettoization	99	Liviu CĂRARE, Betrachtungen über den Prozess der Ghettoisierung der Juden in Czernowitz
Ottmar TRAŞCĂ, Stelian OBIZIUC, Diplomatul Constantin I. Karadja şi situaţia evreilor români din statele controlate/ocupate de cel de-al III-lea Reich, 1941-1944	109	Ottmar TRAŞCĂ, Stelian OBIZIUC, The diplomat Constantin I. Karadja and the Romanian Jews situation from the states occupied/controlled by the Third Reich, 1941-1944	109	Ottmar TRAŞCĂ, Stelian OBIZIUC, Der Diplomat Constantin I. Karadja und die Lage der rumänischen Juden in den vom dritten Reich kontrollierten /besetzten Staaten (1941-1944)
Virgiliu ŢÂRĂU, Ioan CIUPEA, Morţii penitenciarului Aiud, 1945-1965	143	Virgiliu ŢÂRĂU, Ioan CIUPEA, The dyings of Aiud penitenciary, 1945-1965	143	Virgiliu ŢÂRĂU, Ioan CIUPEA, Die Todesopfer der Strafanstalt Aiud (1945-1965)
ISTORIE, CULTURĂ ŞI EDUCAŢIE		HISTORY, CULTURE AND EDUCATION		GESCHICHTE, KULTUR UND BILDUNG
Veronica TURCUŞ, Elevii Şcolii Române din Roma sub directoratul lui Vasile Pârvan. Direcţii de cercetare şi raporturi personale	193	Veronica TURCUŞ, Students of Romanian School of Rome under the directorate of Vasile Pârvan. Directions of research and personal bearings	193	Veronica TURCUŞ, Die Schüler der Rumänischen Schule in Rom unter der Leitung von Vasile Parvan. Forschungsrichtungen und persönliche Beziehungen
Irina NASTASĂ, Emil Cioran şi Şcoala Română de la Fontenay-aux-Roses. Mărturii documentare	235	Irina NASTASĂ, Emil Cioran and Romanian School from Fontenay-aux-Roses. Documentary testimonies	235	Irina NASTASĂ, Emil Cioran und die rumänische Schule in Fontenay-aux-Roses. Dokumentarische Belege
Ana Maria STAN, Eliza Constantinescu-Bagdat, potretul unei feministe din lumea academică interbelică	245	Ana Maria STAN, Eliza Constantinescu-Bagdat, the portrait of a feminist from the interwar academie	245	Ana Maria STAN, Eliza Constantinescu-Bagdat, eine feministische Figur der akademischen Gemeinschaft in der Zwischenkriegszeit
Leonidas RADOS, Un proiect interbelic eşuat: Mélanges Russo (1929-1930)	259	Leonidas RADOS, A failed interwar project: Mélanges Russo (1929-1930)	259	Leonidas RADOS, Ein gescheitertes Projekt der Zwischenkriegszeit: Mélanges Russo (1929-1930)
ISTORIE ŞI ECONOMIE		HISTORY AND ECONOMY		ISTORIE ŞI ECONOMIE
Iosif Marin BALOG, Between centre and periphery: the role of connecting Transylvania to the Telegraph Network of the Habsburg Monarchy in the Mid- Nineteenth Century	289	Iosif Marin BALOG, Between centre and periphery: the role of connecting Transylvania to the Telegraph Network of the Habsburg Monarchy in the Mid-Nineteenth Century	289	Iosif Marin BALOG, Zwischen Zentrum und Peripherie: die Bedeutung der Verbindung Siebenbürgens mit dem Telegraph-Netzwerk der Habsburger Monarchie in der Mitte des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts
Gheorghe BĂRBĂNŢAN, Unele aspecte privind relaţiile comerciale româno-austro-ungare în a doua jumătate a secolului al XIX-lea şi la începutul secolului al XX-lea	299	Gheorghe BĂRBĂNŢAN, Some aspects regarding the Romanian-Austro-Hungarian commercial relations in the second half of the Nineteenth century and the beginning of the Twentieth century	299	Gheorghe BĂRBĂNŢAN,  Einige Aspekte der Handelsbeziehungen zwischen Rumänien und Österreich-Ungarn in der zweiten Hälfte des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts und Anfang des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts
Ludovic BÁTHORY, Sistemul de contabilitate secretă a Societăţii Valea Jiului de Sus şi recalcularea producţiei de cărbune (1926-1930)	309	Ludovic BÁTHORY, Secret accounting system of the Superior Valley of Jiu Society and the recomputing of the coal production (1926-1930)	309	Ludovic BÁTHORY, Das System der Geheimbuchhaltung des Unternehmens „Valea Jiului de Sus” und die Neuberechnung der Kohleförderung (1926-1930)
IMAGOLOGIE		IMAGOLOGY		IMAGOLOGIE
Harieta MARECI SABOL, La ville de Chernovitsky dans les descriptions des voyageurs étrangers des XVIème-XVIIIème siècles	377	Harieta MARECI SABOL, La ville de Chernovitsky dans les descriptions des voyageurs étrangers des XVIème-XVIIIème siècles	377	Harieta MARECI SABOL, Die Stadt Tschernowitz in den Beschreibungen der ausländischen Reisenden im 16.-18. Jahrhundert
Adinel DINCĂ, Antroponimul angelofor Mihail în onomastica transilvană până la 1350. Puncte de vedere şi reflecţii	345	Adinel DINCĂ, Angelofor antroponimic of Mihail in Transylvanian onomastics until 1350. Standpoints and reflections	345	Adinel DINCĂ,  Das Anthroponym des Erzengels Michael in der siebenbürgischen Namenforschung bis 1350. Ansichten und Überlegungen
Liviu NEAGOE, From "national essence" to "ethnic ontology": Philosophical backgrounds of Romanian nationalism	357	Liviu NEAGOE, From "national essence" to "ethnic ontology": Philosophical backgrounds of Romanian nationalism	357	Liviu NEAGOE, Vom „nationalen Wesen” zur „ethnischen Ontologie”: Philosophische Hintergründe des rumänischen Nationalismus
DOCUMENTARIA		DOCUMENTS		DOCUMENTARIA
"Prolegomena" sau "file" din trecutul unei instituţii (Stelian Mândruţ)	369	"Prolegomena" or "pages" from the past of an institution (Stelian Mândruţ)	369	“Prolegomene“ oder “Abschnitte” aus der Vergangenheit einer Institution (Stelian Mândruţ)
RECENZII	393	REVIEWS	393	RECENZII
NOTE BIBLIOGRAFICE	409	BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES	409	NOTE BIBLIOGRAFICE
REVISTA REVISTELOR	435	JOURNAL REVIEW	435
VIAŢA ŞTIINŢIFICĂ		SCIENTIFIC LIFE		VIAŢA ŞTIINŢIFICĂ
Conferinţa Internaţională "Freedom and National Security in Central and Eastern Europe in 19th-20th Century" (Varşovia, 20-21 aprilie 2009) (Stelian Mândruţ)	445	International Conference "Freedom and National Security in Central and Eastern Europe in 19th-20th Century" (Warsaw, 20th-21st April 2009) (Stelian Mândruţ)	445	Internationale Konferenz „Freedom and National Security in Central and Eastern Europe in 19th-20th Century” (Warschau, 20.-21. April 2009) (Stelian Mândruţ)
Dezbaterile "A Párbeszéd Folytatodik/The Dialogue will continue" (Budapesta, 4 decembrie 2008); "Magyarország és Románia a II.-Ik Világháborúban/Hungary and Romania in the World War II" (Budapesta, 19 mai 2009)(Stelian Mândruţ)	446	The debates "A Párbeszéd Folytatodik/The Dialogue will continue" (Budapest, 4th December 2008); "Magyarország és Románia a II.-Ik Világháborúban/Hungary and Romania in the World War II" (Budapest, 19th May 2009) (Stelian Mândruţ)	446	Besprechungen „A Párbeszéd Folytatodik/The Dialogue will continue” (Budapest, 4 Dezember 2008); „Magyarország és Románia a II.-Ik Világháborúban/ Hungary and Romania in the World War II” (Budapest, 19. Mai 2009) (Stelian Mândruţ)
Workshop-ul "Noi cercetări asupra secolului al XVIII-lea: Monarhia Habsburgică, Rusia, Imperiul Otoman, America" (Viena, 1-4 octombrie 2009) (Loránd Mádly)	448	The Workshop "New researches on the 18th century: the Habsburg Monarchy, Russia, the Ottoman Empire, America) (Vienna, 1st-4th October 2009) (Loránd Mádly)	448	Workshop „Neue Forschungen über das 18. Jh.: die Habsburger Monarchie, Rußland, das Türkenreich, Amerika”) (Wien, 1.-4. Oktober 2009) (Loránd Mádly)
Simpozionul Internaţional "Graniţele curgătoare" (Geras-Austria, 24-26 octombrie 2009) (Loránd Mádly)	449	The international symposium "Fließende Grenzen" (Geras-Austria, 24th-26th October 2009) (Loránd Mádly)	449	Das internationale Symposium „Fließende Grenzen” (Geras-Österreich, 24.-26. Oktober 2009) (Loránd Mádly)
A XIV-a ediţie a Simpozionului "Banatul - trecut istoric şi cultural" - Oameni şi locuri în inimă: Banatul lui Valeriu Leu - Remember (Reşiţa, 20-22 noiembrie 2009) (Attila Varga)	450	The XIVth edition of the symposium "Banat - its historical and cultural past" /Men and places in the heart - Valeriu Leu's Banat - Remember/ (Reşiţa, 20th-22nd November 2009) (Attila Varga)	450	Die 14. Auflage des Symposiums „Das Banat – geschichtliche und kulturelle Vergangenheit” /Menschen und Orte im Herzen – Valeriu Leus Banat) – Remember/ (Reschitz, 20.-22. November 2009) (Attila Varga)
Activitatea ştiinţifică a Institutului de Istorie "George Bariţiu" pe anul 2009. Departamentul Istorie (Susana Andea)	453	The scientifical activity of the History Institute "George Bariţiu" in 2009. The History Department (Susana Andea)	453	Das wissenschaftliche Leben des Geschichte Institutes „George Bariţiu” 2009. Das Geschichte Department (Susana Andea)
Lista selectivă a cărţilor intrate în Biblioteca Institutului de Istorie "George Bariţiu" în anul 2009 (Mihaela Bedecean)	473	Selective list of the books received in 2009 by the Library of the History Institute "George Bariţiu" (Mihaela Bedecean)	473	Auswahlliste der von der Bibliothek des Geschichte Institutes „George Bariţiu” 2009 erhaltenen Bücher (Mihaela Bedecean)
NECROLOG		OBITUARY		IN MEMORIAM – NACHRUFE
Liviu Botezan (Stelian Mândruţ)	479	Liviu Botezan (Stelian Mândruţ)	479	Liviu Botezan (Stelian Mândruţ)

Abstracts

Résumé

Zusammenfassungen

Nicolae Edroiu

The place of the Institute of History from Cluj in Romanian Historiography

The Institute of History "George Bariţiu" from Cluj-Napoca of Romanian Academy has celebrated - at 2nd February 2010 - ninety years from establishment. 

The Institute has been set in the context of The Great Union from 1918, by a donation of King Ferdinand I of Romania; in the 90 years of its existence the Institute of History from the most important town from Transylvania has realised researches regarding to the fundamentally issues of history of this county, related not only to the evolutions from the Romanian principalities outside of the Carpathian arch, but also to the evolutions from East and Central Europe. The publications of the Institute, especially the Yearbook, have encompassed the results of the researches realised by its members in Romanian historiography and gone further to the improvement of historical knowledge. In spite of many difficulties during the Second World War and the ideological pressure of the communism regime, the Institute of History from Cluj has an outstanding historiographical contribution due to the studies that succeeded reconstitutions or historical interpretations, due to editing genuine historical sources and the scientific conferences organized in these 90 years. 

Key words: Historiograhy, Cluj, 1920-2010, History, Aniversary

INSTITUTIONAL APPROACHES

Şerban Turcuş 

The foundation of the mitre of Germans as Transylvanian project of the Holly See

La politica della Santa Sede di espandere la Cristianita conosce un episodio particolare in Transilvania alla fine del XII-imo secolo: la fondazione della prepositura dei sassoni. I protagonisti della vicenda sono i pontefici Celestino III e Innocenzo III e i re ungheresi Bela III e Andrea II. Si tratta infatti del primo tentativo di offrire una sistemazione istituzionale ai sassoni confluiti in Transilvania a partire dalla seconda meta del XII secolo sia come crociati sia come coloni attirati qui dalle elargizioni presenti in un contesto in cui l'autorita ungherese esercita un'autorita solamente nominale e per niente concreta. Infatti la fondazione della prepositura dei sassoni certifica l'inesistenza di un strenuo contatto dell'autorita centrale con il territorio della prepositura circostanza di cui profitta la Santa Sede per fondare la prepositura, direttamente dipendente da Roma. La prepositura come istituzione significa un'autorita vicariale che esercita il potere amministrativo al nome del vescovo di Roma. Sempre in questo saggio viene discusso il celebre documento del 1191 in cui accanto al problema della prepositura sono elencati i diritti dell'arcivescovato primaziale di Strigonia che e investito come legato nato anche con la sorveglianza a nome della Sede Apostolica della prepositura di Sibiu. Si evidenzia come durante il pontificato di Innocenzo III assistiamo ad un tentativo di appropriazione della prepositura da parte del re ungherese Andrea II, tentativo fallito. Infatti la situazione particolare della Prepositura, immediatamente soggetta, nel contesto ierocratico del XIII secolo, segnera la vita della comunita dei sassoni ed il suo rapportarsi ad altri enti. 

Parole chiave: Prepositura, Santa Sede, sassoni, Transilvania, regno ungherese

Marius CHELCU 

The citymen from Yassi in the XVIIth century - solidarities and Differences

The recognition of the social life coordinates from the most important Moldavia in a period of profound and extensive crisis from the XVII century implies, first the evaluation of the solidarities and differences manifestated among the inhabitants of the There were, indubitable, inhabitants situated, due to their personal prestige, in the top social hierarchy. These inhabitants were called "patricians" in the studies regarded social structure of the urban population of Moldavia. At once, the association in brotherhoods has created links to the solidarization of the inhabitants by their occupations. But also same period can be identified some factors which have inhibited the configuration of category, with the persistence of certain differences. This essay tries to assert some causes which have limited a better and more represented urban social body. One cause central power, traditionally more pregnant in Moldavia than in Transylvania for example, controlling the urban space. Another source of the weaknesses can be found right inside urban population. Part of those who succeed to be recognised as leaders are often tempted cancel their social condition for a better one for them: the boyars. Last, but not least, the cohesion is limited by the religious differences; because in the case of Armenians religion contributed to the persistency of the differences and in the case of Turkeys religion determinated reactions of rejection. 

Key words: XVII century crisis, brotherhoods, urban social category, ethnicity

Loránd L. MÁDLY 

Die Entwürfe der Satzungen für die Landesvertretungen - ein Wendepunkt im politischen neoabsolutistischen Konzept der Kronländer

Im Laufe des neoabsolutistischen Jahrzehnts bedeutete der Versuch, Landesvertretungen für fast jedes Kronland der Donaumonarchie einzusetzen, einen der interessantesten politischen Vorgänge. Die Idee der Schaffung dieser, an den ehemaligen Landtagen erinnernden Einrichtungen, war in den Grundprinzipien des Silvesterpatents enthalten; die Tätigkeit dieser sollte eigentlich eine neue Wende in der Gestaltung der politischen Struktur des Staates bringen. Entstanden auf dem Spannungsfeld zwischen den progressiven und konservativen Auffassungen, führten letztendlich die mühsam ausgearbeiteten Entwürfe der Landesvertretungen zu keinem Ergebnis, da eine Entscheidung zu dieser Problematik immer aufgeschoben wurde; teilweise wurden aber einige Prinzipien der Landtagsstatute in den neuen Regelungen der Landtage nach dem Fall des Neoabsolutismus aufgenommen. Die vorliegende Studie schildert, zum ersten Mal in rumänischer Sprache, den Vorgang der Entstehung der Entwürfe der Landtage und beleuchtet die wichtigsten Betrachtungen dazu seitens der siebenbürgischen höheren Beamten, sowie auch den Ablauf der Verhandlungen der hiesigen Beratungskommission für die Einsetzung der neuen Organe, sowie deren Ergebnisse. 

Schlüsselworte: Verfassung, Landesvertretungen, Neoabsolutismus, Landtag, Siebenbürgen

Andrei Florin SORA 

Le statut des fonctionnaires publics de 1923

The First World War with its immediate consequences that had enflamed Europe, led to the adoption by the Romanian state of a unitary law regarding the civil servants. The Civil Servants General Statute of the 19th June 1923 was a long time desideratum of the Romanian state employees. The new juridical framework established equal rights (admissibility conditions, promotion, retirement - including mandatory retirement etc - for all the civil servants. Although this law had many shortcomings, it improved Romanian civil servants statute that other subsequent laws tried many times to escape from it. The aim of this article is to demonstrate that the study of the civil servants can give a lot of answers and a better understanding of the Interwar Romania and its bureaucracy. 

Key words: Interwar Romania, state employees, civil servants, public administration, bureaucracy.

HISTORY AND POLITICS

Radu Florian BRUJA 

Files from the history of Christian National Party from Bucovina (1935-1937)

The National Christian Party had a relative success in Bukovina; even so, it could not polarize the Right political forces, nor could it draw the poll for itself. The local organization, dominated by the controversial personalities such as Nechifor Robu and Constantin Nastasi, managed to implement the program imposed by the Center to the political structure. Recognized as one of the provinces that had a significant population of Jews, Bukovina represented an electoral basis for NCP, but not enough to bring a decisive electoral result. The anti-Semitism, especially in the small towns and cities from Bukovina, was an important factor for Cuza's Party. In reality, the mirage and the originality brought by the Legionary Movement blocked the "Cuzist" projects. The partial successes, such as the elections in Suceava County in 1936, or the arrangement of "spear man" gangs (that terrorized the street), the conflicts with Jews (by the tacit agreement of authorities) were not sufficient to get the power, not even in the North part of the country. Although the elections in 1937 brought a superior result - comparatively with the previous ones - they proved that the National Christian Party was not a viable organization in the context of competition with the legionaries. Their coming to power was, in this case, the result of extended political circumstances, and especially of the king's maneuvers (knowing his interest in power he wanted to take over). The king's fight with the Legionary Movement started, and the role of "cuzists" was just to prepare the stage for this confrontation. 

Key words: Jews, Czernowitz, Legionary Movement, anti-semitism

Liviu CĂRARE

Considerations on the Czernowitz Jews process of ghettoization

The Czernowitz ghetto, established by the Romanian administration of Bukovina in october 1941 contained more than 50,000 jews. The Romanian regime interned all the jews of Czernowitz in a ghetto as a preliminary measure to their deportation to Transnistria. By mid-November, about 30,000 Jews were deported. The conditions created in the ghetto were horrible and unhealthy - usually cramped, dirty, and with little food. To differentiate between Jews and non-Jews, the Military Government of Bukovina forced the Jews to wear the yellow badge (Star of David). A death penalty was enforced on any Jew caught trying to escape or caught outside the ghetto. After the establishement of the ghetto relationships between jews and non-jews developed in a sort of trade: frightened by the imminent deportation the jews were selling their personal items (currency, jewellery, furs, chinaware, crystals) at ridiculously low prices. The hidden death sentence - deportation, was possible only after the Romanian economic needs were satisfied. Thus, a sorting commission was put together. This is how the mayor of Czernowitz, Dr. Traian Popovici managed to persuade the Romanian military governor and General Antonescu to leave the remaining 20,000 Jews, claiming that they were vital to the economic stability of the town. The image of the jews as reflected in primary sources - secret services, gendarmerie and police reports - complete a global picture of the tragic and unfortunate events of the Holocaust in Romania. 

Key words: Ghetto, Czernowitz, Traian Popovici, Star of David, deportation, holocaust.

Ottmar TRAŞCĂ, Stelian OBIZIUC 

The diplomat Constantin I. Karadja and the Romanian Jews situation from the states occupied/controlled by the Third Reich, 1941-1944

Constantin Karadja (1889-1950) was a diplomat in the Foreign Service of Romania and as such from 1931 to 1941 Romanian Consul General seated in Berlin. From 1941 to 1944 he was the Director of the Consular Department in the Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In that capacity, the Romanian diplomat submitted a number of reports to the appropriate offices in Romania in which he advocated the need to save the Romanian citizens of Jewish origin who were in Germany and in occupied territories. That action took place at a time when the conditions of the survivors among those citizens were desperate. Owing to the intervention of the Romanian Consular Direction, those people were permitted to return to Romania endowed with passports. In his notes and reports, of which the most relevant can be found in the Diplomatic Archive of Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Consul Karadja proves to be a man of extraordinary commitment and high professional integrity, whose defining characteristic is humaneness. As a recognition of his merits, on 15 September 2005, Constantin Karadja received from the Institute Yad Vashem in Jerusalem posthumously the title "Righteous Among the Nations" during a ceremony in the Israeli embassy in Berlin. 

Key words: Diplomacy, Jews, the 3rd Reich, 1939-1944

Virgiliu ŢÂRĂU, Ioan CIUPEA 

The dyings of Aiud penitenciary, 1945-1965

As a prison of maximum safety during communism regime, Aiud Penitentiary was destinated to the most dangerous detaines for the communist authorities. This study revealed at the empircal level the number of the casualities from 1945 to 1965. Based on extensive research in different archives we analize the causes of the death, the evolution year by year of the persons who died, their political background and the medical causes of these casualities. 

Key words: penitentiary, communism, repression.

HISTORY, CULTURE AND EDUCATION

Veronica TURCUŞ 

Students of Romanian School of Rome under the directorate of Vasile Pârvan. Directions of research and personal bearings

L'accademico Vasile Pârvan (1882-1927), fondatore negli anni '20 del secolo scorso della Scuola Romena di Roma e direttore dell'istituzione fino al 1927, focalizzo la sua attivita verso l'integrazione dell'istituto romeno nell'ambito accademico romano ed italiano e verso l'organizzazione istituzionale secondo il modello delle Scuole ed Accademie sorte nella capitale italiana . Sotto la sua guida si perfezionarono a Roma 25 alunni, 13 tra di loro nel campo della protostoria, storia dell'antichita, archeologia, epigrafia, topografia o filologia classica, 9 in filologia moderna, archivistica, paleografia, diplomatica e generalmente nelle scienze speciali della storia, mentre l'architettura e la storia dell'arte furono frequentate da 3 giovani specialisti romeni. Non a caso, grazie anche alla loro specializzazione romana che segno positivamente la seguente carriera universitaria e produzione scientifica, 6 tra di loro furono ulteriormente eletti soci dell'Accademia Romena. L'accademico Pârvan integro gli interessi scientifici degli storici dell'antichita e degli archeologi nei progetti dell'Unione Accademica Internazionale, mirando la realizzazione della carta archeologica della Romania come parte della Forma Imperii Romani e stimolo gli orientamenti dei borsisti verso lo studio del classicismo greco-romano e del modo in cui esso rispecchia il mondo traco-dacico e quello delle popolazioni del Basso Danubio. Gli alunni romeni che portavano avanti ricerche nel campo della pre- e protostoria ebbero a Roma la possibilita di prendere come modello gli studi europei sulle antiche civilta italiche, mentre il lavoro negli archivi fu diretto quasi esclusivamente verso i problemi della romanita orientale, essendo i progetti di ricerca direttamente coordinati dall'Accademia Romena. Il perfezionamento in storia dell'arte ed architettura che la Scuola Romena di Roma offri ai suoi alunni nel primo decennio tra le due guerre godette del diretto appoggio dei professori e specialisti italiani, in primis dello storico dell'arte Antonio Munoz, che insegnava in quegli anni, presso l'Universita romana, la Storia dell'arte bizantina. Grazie al suo interessamento, i borsisti romeni furono coinvolti nei grandi lavori di restauro che Munoz guidava a Roma, le direzioni della loro specializzazione diventando appunto la storia dell'arte bizantina e la metodologia del restauro. I rapporti personali dei borsisti, la maggior parte costruiti intorno all'attivita scientifica della Scuola, furono simili alle relazioni sorte nelle comunita degli alunni presenti negli Istituti stranieri di Roma e sono interessanti per la storia dell'élite intellettuale romena tra le due guerre e per il suo destino nella seconda meta del Novecento. 

Key words: Roma, Scuola Romena, élite romena, Vasile Pârvan, alunni.

Irina NASTASĂ 

Emil Cioran and Romanian School from Fontenay-aux-Roses. Documentary testimonies

The study remade empirically a less known period - or put under silence - from the biography of Emil Cioran, situated between 1937 and 1944. It is about his status as French Institute fellowship from Bucharest and, later, of Romanian School from Paris. In this respect, there are edited in Anexa a few inedit documents from those years, to point the mechanism in which Emil Cioran has achieved the stipend for Fontanay-aux-Roses. 
Key words: extreme right, student migrations, German universities, Romanian propaganda.

Ana Maria STAN

Eliza Constantinescu-Bagdat, the portrait of a feminist from the interwar academie

This article is a case study outlining the bio-bibliographical portrait of Eliza Constantinescu-Bagdat, one of first the female Romanian university professors of the interwar period. Teaching in Cluj, at the Academy of Higher Commercial an Industrial Studies between 1927 and 1943, this lady had a very a interesting professional and public life, which made her travel to France and Switzerland in order to achieve her education, and later saw her use that knowledge in her home country. Therefore, she can be considered an eloquent example of the importance and mechanisms of the peregrinatio academica phenomenon. 

Key words: University, professor, education, feminism, economical studies

Leonidas RADOS 

A failed interwar project: Mélanges Russo (1929-1930)

The interwar years have knew less historiographical failed projects than the previous periods specially comparing to the second half of the XIX century. A such approach with an unexpected end was the volume prepared in the praise of the professor Demosthene Russo, who fulfiled 60 years in 1929, by two closed collaborators of him. Public figure of the interwar intellectual history, respected professor at University of Bucharest, Russo was perceived by his numerous students as a genuine school master and supreme critical instance in the complicated domain of the Byzanthine studies and the greek-romanian interference. Vital information for our research are founded in a set of inedit letters (see Anexes) which include the correspondence held by the initiators of the project, C.C. Giurescu, professor at Faculty of Literature from University of Bucharest, and I. D. Stefanescu, first assistant and later lecturer at the Byzanthinic department with diverse collaborators. Started late and clumsily because of the self imposed status to keep the secret to the solemnized, the Melanges Russo project has been contoured, having enough interesting texts in portofolio and others waited to be put on the list. Surprinsingly, the project was suddenly stopped by the celebrated himself, probably a singular case in the history of Romanian culture. In April 1930 professor Russo fortuitously heard about the initiative of his colleagus from Georges Sotiriou, the principal of the Byzanthine Museum from Athens who declined the requirement of Giurescu and Stefanescu to send a text and choose to write to the professor Russo in order to underline that only the restrictive thematic of the volume detained him to offer a serious study. It is difficult to speculate on the motives for which Demsthene Russo has reacted so strong and stopped the editing of the volume, particularly that similar initiatives has been passed to the end of the XIX century and even some less remarcable figures have part of it. It seems that «culpabled» were the character abd the nature of the professor himself, who, mainly in the latter time, refused the obvious publicity and preferred instead the friendly weekly meeting with students and associates. 

Key words: Reverential volume, Byzanthinic Studies, interwar historiography, "The New School" in history

HISTORY AND ECONOMY

Iosif Marin BALOG 

Between centre and periphery: the role of connecting Transylvania to the Telegraph Network of the Habsburg Monarchy in the Mid- Nineteenth Century

One of the wonders of nineteenth century technology, telegraph, has reached Transylvania province, in the years 1850, in a period when the world has achieved intercontinental connection that would change the communications from that time. The possibility of information transmission almost instantly made telegraph to be placed in administrative and military purposes, but it has imposed very quickly, including economic and commercial needs. In conditions that although Transylvania was a province of the Danube Monarchy, in the early 19th century of 50s, it was located in of transport and communications terms in a peripheral, both from the capital Vienna, and other regions of the Monarchy. In 1854 telegraph reached the province of Transylvania. Under state monopoly, it was extended for administrative and military reasons around and during the Crimean War. The aim of this study is to analyze that evolution in a historical-social perspective and at the same time, to answer the following questions: What were the economic and political factors that have contributed to this process?How has the introduction of telegraph changed administrative, economic and political relations between the capital of the empire and local authorities? How was received the introduction of telegraph by elites and the general public and which was its impact on changing perceptions about the news and their movement?

Key words: centre, periphery, Transylvania, Telegraph, Habsburg Monarchy, 19th Century

Gheorghe BĂRBĂNŢAN 

Some aspects regarding the Romanian-Austro-Hungarian commercial relations in the second half of the Nineteenth century and the beginning of the Twentieth century

During the second half of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century, Austria-Hungary was Romania's main commercial partner, covering approximately thirty percent of Romania's commercial imports balance. The Commercial Convention signed in June 1875 afforded the Austria-Hungary's goods a privileged position within the Romanian market. As a result, between 1875 and 1885 the value of the Austrian exports in the country increased by three hundred percent while Romania's commercial balance had deficits of almost seven hundred millions lei yearly. This affected the local industries and called for public interventions of the Romanian authorities. Using newspapers' information, this article uncovers the economic and political implications of the act signed in 1975 and the later development of the economic bilateral relations until the late 1890s. The custom war began by the Austrian authorities as a reaction to intention of the Romania's liberal government to re-negotiate the Convention's terms limited the access of Romanian goods on the Empire's market. Furthermore, the conflict received an international connotation in 1889 when the quality of the Romanian products was questioned in the Times newspaper. Subject to similar actions, Serbia chose to invigorate its commercial ties with Russia and Romania. 

Key words: Keywords: economy, protectionism, nationality

Ludovic BÁTHORY 

Secret accounting system of the Superior Valley of Jiu Society and the recomputing of the coal production (1926-1930)

Secret accountancy of the big coal companies in Jiul Valley are offering plenty of data in order to establish that the total turnover and the amount of sales are exceeding at a very high rate the official published data by the Petroşani and Lupeni companies. These results do sustain the supposition that other coal companies in the Jiul Valley were using the same methods. Although secret accountancy of the Valea Jiului de Sus Company has not been preserved until now, a thoroughgoing examination of archive data does allow remaking the accountant system as it was actually used. Archive data point out that Valea Jiului de Sus Company was to use the same way of gain calculation as Petroşani Company did, at a 30% average rate of profit. It means we have to find out the constituent parts and the total amount of the clear profit in order to compute the total sales figure. The officially reported average output of the company represented 55.295 metric tons of brown coal and its average value amounted to 55.222.332 lei in a year. But our fresh calculations point out a real average of 173.234 t production for a year and an average sales figure of 186.167.622 lei. The fresh computed average output is 3,13 times bigger, and the average value is 3,37 times bigger than the reported ones. As a result of big sales the society achieved a 55.850.348 lei average benefit every year. Even so, the company reported heavy losses in 1930 and it was closed down in the following year due to the consequences of the big world crisis. 

Key words: coal companies, secret accountancy, coal production

IMAGOLOGY

Harieta MARECI SABOL 

La ville de Chernovitsky dans les descriptions des voyageurs étrangers des XVIème-XVIIIème siècles

Like the writings of chroniclers, the impressions of foreign travelers have acquired the real voalue of "documentary" of time, inserting significant incidents of political, social, and administrative life. The name of the city of Chernivtsi is mentioned in some of the travelers memoirs and it is connected by the status of those whose duties, interests, or a capricious destiny have brought them in the Northern region of Moldova. The nature of their concerns, their training, and the specificity of their work compartmentalize these travelers into several categories. Among the "travelers - emissaries", left for or returned from diplomatic missions, there are names mentioned such as Lestár Gyulafi, Johann Mayer, Rafael Lesczczynski, Francisc Radzewski, Michály Bay, Gáspár Pápay, Stanislaw Chometowski and Francisc Gosciecki. Added to this cathegory are "travelers - soldiers", observers and combatants. They spent time in Chernivtsi, some waiting to participate in an armed conflict, and some willing to depart from the battlefield: Marcu Sobieski and his great-grand-son - Iacob Sobieski, Erasmus Heinrich von Schneider Weismantel, the Swedish agent in Iaşi, du Briant. Regarding the "travelers by vocation", these enthusiastic scholars were represented by Robert Bargrave, Ruggiero Giuseppe Boscovich, Balthasar Hacquet and their memoires or diaries provide additional information to the dynamic vision of the city of Chernivtsi. 

Les mots clés: voyageur, rétrospective, Chernovitsky, emissaire, militaire, savant, journal, ville

Adinel DINCĂ 

Angelofor antroponimic of Mihail in Transylvanian onomastics until 1350. Standpoints and reflections

The author traces some of the essential directions to be followed in the research of the name "Michael" in Transylvania, from the earliest mentions until the first half of the 14th century - one must take into consideration the particular importance the Saint had in the province as patron of the local bishopric church. The review of Saint Michael's cult in Medieval Europe will serve as base of the analysis together with the position of the name "Michael" in the anthroponomical "hierarchy" of the Latin Middle Ages, the cultural area that Transylvania belonged to. 

Key words: Transylvania, Middle Ages, onomastics, anthroponimy

Liviu NEAGOE 

From "national essence" to "ethnic ontology": Philosophical backgrounds of Romanian nationalism

This essay attempts to investigate the major theories about nationalism and to support the idea that Romanian nationalism was the most articulated theoretical corpus of many generations of scholars as a main reaction of a late modernity. Performed by poets, writers, historians and philosophers, Romanian nationalism is a true mark of a culture which tries to define its own identity. I will focus on the most relevant philosophical themes and authors and to follow how this doctrine succeeded to survive and to embrace such different historical époques or political systems. 

Key words: intellectual history, modernity, nationalism, philosophy

DOCUMENTS

Stelian Mândruţ 

"Prolegomena" sau "file" din trecutul unei instituţii

Institutul de Istorie Naţională, înfiinţat la 1 februarie 1920 în capitala Transilvaniei reunită la patria-mamă, reprezintă un prim şi elocvent exemplu de angrenare a unui mănunchi de tineri studioşi, reuniţi sub diriguirea competentă a tandemului compus din profesorii Alexandru Lapedatu şi Ioan Lupaş, în demersul de integrare a studierii trecutului zonei istorico-geografice în ansamblul istoriei naţionale.

Intervalul documentar cu privire la dezvoltarea instituţiei din cadrul Universităţii clujene dezvăluie o serie de căi diferite de activizare şi manifestare specifice fazei instituţionale parcurse din punct de vedere organizatoric şi ştiinţific în intervalul sus citat. 

Etapele dezvoltării proprii nu au fost deloc ferite de sincope, iar selecţia făptuită de noi în arhiva păstrată, vreme de generaţii, în cadrul actualului Institut de Istorie "George Bariţiu" al Academiei Române, - considerat un firesc succesor al fostului institut organizat pe lângă Universitatea din Cluj -, credem că ilustrează concludent momente şi evenimente ierahizate cronologic şi tematic pe tronsonul cuantificat între anii 1920-1935, reprezentativi pentru dificilul traseu al extinderii activităţii nucleului de cercetare în spaţiul românesc şi continental. Publicaţia iniţiată şi completată legic prin seriile de lucrări tipărite sub auspiciile Institutului de Istorie Naţională, a contribuit la sporirea renumelui centrului de profil dezvoltat la Cluj în deceniile trei şi patru interbelic ale secolului XX. 

Cu anticipata îngăduinţă a lectorului încercăm să redăm, în cadrul acestui "Anuar" omagial, texte probatorii în ideea argumentelor rezumate în spaţiu afectat cuvântului preliminar. 

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